In the United States, federal and state gun laws work together to regulate the ownership, use, and distribution of firearms. Federal gun laws, established by acts of Congress and enforced by agencies such as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), create a nationwide baseline of rules governing the sale, possession, and transfer of firearms. These federal laws include background check requirements, restrictions on certain types of firearms, and limitations on who can own guns (e.g., prohibiting convicted felons, individuals with restraining orders, or those with specific mental health issues).
State gun laws, on the other hand, can vary significantly from one state to another. While federal laws provide a minimum standard, states have the authority to enact their own laws that may be more restrictive or permissive than federal regulations. Some states may have stricter licensing and permitting requirements, waiting periods, or bans on specific types of firearms, while others may have more lenient regulations, such as allowing concealed carry without a permit or the open carry of firearms.
In cases where federal and state laws conflict, federal law generally supersedes state law. However, state and local law enforcement agencies are typically responsible for enforcing both federal and state gun laws, which can sometimes lead to varying interpretations and enforcement practices across jurisdictions.